Illuminated Manuscripts for Sale

Breviary, winter part

Anonymous artist from Constance, Constance or Lucerne, 1476-78

This Breviary for the liturgical use of Constance, although destined for daily use and written on paper, miraculously survived in very good condition throughout the years. Both scribe and artist date their work five times over a period of three years from 1476-1478. The initials show an inventive and highly skilled artist at work. A delightful and complex narrative unfurls in the margins of f. 87v. It is the most elaborate decoration in this book and accompanies the feast of Nativity.

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Illuminated manuscript on paper.

315 × 220 mm. – 437 leaves. 20 historiated initials, one full-page composition

dated 1476, 1477, 1478

of 94

A fine, dated breviary (winter part) of the diocese of Constance, with high quality illumination and an interesting provenance in Lucerne

Overview

Both the scribe and the artist of this manuscript dated their work five times over a period of three years from 1476-1478. Twenty initials with figures and little scenes illustrate the codex; many show ornate foliate extensions, some are painted in gold and rich colours, others in a sophisticated so-called grisaille technique, which uses only grey hues. As the texts refer to the liturgical use for "the choir in Constance" , it is likely that the artisans came from the area surrounding Lake Constance.

A delightful and complex narrative unfurls in the margins of f. 87v and accompanies the feast of Nativity. In the initial H Mary kneels before her child, with ox and donkey carefully watching. Next to the letter, in the margin, colourful birds rejoice in the scene. To the above, angels hold a scroll with music for Gloria in excelsis mundi. As if it was a flower, petals emanate from the initial, spreading over a unicorn standing proudly on top of a mountain and looking over the world. The unicorn is the symbol of Christ and stands for the incarnation. Below in the meadows, shepherds are playing music next to their sheep, they join in what is happening by pointing in amazement towards heaven above. To the right, in the lower margin, a large city emerges. This must be Jerusalem, near Bethlehem, but charmingly envisaged as a south German walled city with gothic castle. Two figures (the Magi?) on the battlements point at the twinkling golden star on the highest tower. All is painted with purity, guileless simplicity and calm repose.

There are some similarities between the present manuscript and two others. One is in Basel, UB, B. IX. 36, dated 1479, where we encounter an – apparently unfinished – pen drawing. Interestingly, two of the initials on f. 121 of our Breviary are also outlined in pen drawing. The other related manuscript is in Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, C 131, dated 1480. The closest comparison, albeit less flamboyantly illustrated, is found in the Benedictional of Johannes of Venningen, bishop of Basel (1458-1479), in the collection William Alfred Westropp Foyle until 2000.

For a more detailed description of the Christmas page, see our blog on that subject, and also read our Spotlight on costumes, and our Spotlight on Switzerland for further information.

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